With an undergravel filter you should only vaccumm very lightly the surface or you damage the filter media which is the gravel over the ugf
ugfs work by drawing waste into the gravel and decomposing it and creat a working bacteria.
Cylcing is the stage the water goes through to enable a safe envirorment for your fish.
Fish give off ammonia,the ammonia is converted into nitrite and the nitrite is converted into nitrates.
There are more factors involved but this is the basic way it works.
In a cylcled tank there should be no readings on amonia and nitrites as these two are the most harmfull of the three. Nitrates are less harmfull but should be kepted to as close to 0 as possible. This can be acheived through plants in the tank and regular water changes.
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TONY The Proud Aussie
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